HSC Modifiers

HSC Modifiers

 

Modify A_© we‡klfv‡e wb‡`©k Kiv ev we‡klbKvix| Modifiers †Kvb wKQ zwb‡q AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i| Modifiers †Kvb k‡ãi Av‡M ev c‡i em‡Z cv‡i| †h word/phrase ‡Kvb k‡ãi Av‡M ev c‡i e‡m †mB kã m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡KB Modifiers e‡j| †hgb: Rahim is an intelligent boy.

cÖavbZ `yB ai‡bi: 1. Pre-modifier- ‘Pre’A_© c~‡e©| myZivs †hme modifier †Kvb k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m kãwU‡K Modify ev we‡kwlZ K‡i Zv‡K Premodifier e‡j| †hgb: I have a broken chair.2. Post modifier- ‘Post’ A_© c‡i| myZivs †hme modifier †Kvb k‡ãi c‡i e‡m kãwU‡K Modify ev we‡kwlZ K‡i Zv‡K Post modifier e‡j| †hgb: The horse runs quickly.

Positions of Pre-modifiers and Post Modifiers:

a) Noun Modifiers: †hme modifier †Kvb Noun Gi Av‡M ev c‡i e‡m kãwU‡K Modify ev we‡kwlZ K‡i Zv‡K Noun Modifiers e‡j| Adjective, Determiner, Appositive, Participles, Possessive Pronoun, Compound Noun I Quantifier mvavibZ Noun Modifiers nq| †hgb: I have a broken chair. A man, with black hair, came to me yesterday. I like this book. I saw a sitting duck. I love my country. He lives in his village home. There are many students.

b) Verb Modifiers: †hme modifier †Kvb Verb Gi Av‡M ev c‡i e‡m kãwU‡K Modify ev we‡kwlZ K‡i Zv‡K Verb Modifiers e‡j| Adverb/infinitive/participles mvavibZ Verb Gi modifier nq| †hgb: It may rain heavily. The tiger runs fast. We always speak the truth.

c) Adverb Modifiers/ Adverb clause: †hme modifier †Kvb Adverb Gi Av‡M ev c‡i e‡m kãwU‡K Modify ev we‡kwlZ K‡i Zv‡K Adverb Modifiers e‡j| Giv Pre-modifier I Post modifier Dfq wn‡m‡eB em‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: She speaks very loudly. They played very well. She can sing well enough.

d)Adjective Modifiers: †hme modifier †Kvb Adjective Gi Av‡M ev c‡i e‡m kãwU‡K Modify ev we‡kwlZ K‡i Zv‡K Adjective Modifiers e‡j| †hgb: The story was very interesting. You would be kind enough to grant us leave.

Most Common Modifying Words/Phrases:

1. Intensifier: †hme adverb ‡Kvb adjective ev adverb Gi Av‡M e‡m Gi ¸iæZ¡ †Rvi`vi K‡i Zv‡K Intensifier (very, actually, really, certainly, surely, greatly, fully, exactly, indeed, definitely, very much, absolutely, extremely, much, quite, thoroughly, perfectly, highly) e‡j| †hgb: The book is very interesting.

2. Appositive: ‡Kvb Noun/ Noun phrase/noun clause hw` Ab¨ Noun Gi wel‡q AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i ZvB Appositive. It is used as noun post modifier| †hgb: Mr. Rahman, the Principal of Titumir College, is very strict in his principle.

3. Relative Clause: Relative pronoun (who, whom, which, that) and relative adverb (where, when, why, what) w`‡q MwVZ subordinate clause hv noun ev noun phrase m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i| ZvB Giv †ewkifvM mgqB post modifier

wn‡m‡e e‡m| †hgb: The man who is working here is my friend. The house where he lives is well-decorated.

4. Prepositional Phrase: Prepositional Phrase = Preposition + noun/ preposition + noun phrase hv preposition w`‡q MwVZ nq| †hgb: The cat under the table is white.

5. Participles: Participles wZb ai‡bi - Present participle (V1+ ing) = Pjgvb Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î , Past participle (V3)= w¯’i Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î, Perfect participle (Having + v3)= GKwU Kv‡Ri c‡i Av‡iKwU KvR NU‡j G¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb: The boy, sleeping in the bed, is healthy. The car, made in Japan, runs well. Having finished your study, you should go to play.  

6. Infinitives: Infinitive (to + v1) sentence G D‡Ïk¨ eySv‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb: We go to the playground to play.  

7. Possessive Pronoun: Possessive Pronoun (My, our, your, his, her, their, its, Noun’s) w`‡q AwaKvi ev gvwjKvbv cÖKvk Kiv nq| c~‡e©i noun/pronoun Gi mv‡_ wgj †i‡L A_¨©vr c~‡e©i noun Gi Possessive Pronoun e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb: We love our mother land. My brother went to London.

8. Quantifier: Quantifier (some, any, no, much, more, less, many, little, a lot of, every, each, enough) w`‡q †Kvb wKQzi msL¨v ev cwigvb eySvq| †hgb: There is little water. There are some boys in the field.

9. Compound Noun/Compound words: GKvwaK Nouns ev GKvwaK parts of speech w`‡q MwVZ GKwU Compound Noun/Compound words ev Noun hv GK‡Î adjective Gi KvR K‡i ev cÖ_gwU adjective Gi KvR K‡i| †hgb: We live in the home town. A hard-working person can shine in life.

10. Determiner: Articles, Possessives, Demonstratives (this, these, that, those), numerals (two, three, four, five etc.) determiners noun Gi pre-modifiers wn‡m‡e e‡m| †hgb: This country is our mother land.

11.  Downtoner: †hme adverb (almost, hardly, barely, a bit, a little, scarcely, partly, nearly, slightly, rather, somewhat etc.) ‡Kvb adjective/adverb Gi c~‡e© e‡m Zvi A_©‡K ev ¸iæZ¡‡K n«vm K‡i ZvB Downtoner| †hgb: He hardly comes here. She is almost right.  

12. Adjectives/ Adjectives Phrase: †hme Adjectives pre-modifiers wn‡m‡e noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m Ges Post modifier wn‡m‡e noun Gi c‡i e‡m| †hgb: A true patriot always thinks for the country. All the students, present in the class, understood the lesson.

13. Gerund: v1+ing= noun Gi KvR K‡i|  

Dangling Modifiers

Dangling Modifiers: Dangling Modifier †K unclear modifier I ejv hvq Kvib GB modifier hv‡K Modify K‡i Zv ¯úó _v‡K bv A_¨©vr GLv‡b mvavibZ subject _v‡K bv| mvavibZ participle words /participle phrases Dangling Modifier wn‡m‡e e‡m| Dangling Modifier ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z em‡j Zvi c‡i Kgv e‡m| †hgb: Having finished, your study, the food should be taken. My cell phone rang while working in the garden.  

 

All Modifiers in a Chart:

Premodifier	Modified Word  (hv‡K Modify K‡i)	Post Modifier
* Determiner: Articles, Possessives, Demonstratives (this, these, that, those), quantifiers, numerals (two, three, four, five etc.) * Participles: Participles wZb ai‡bi - Present participle (V1+ ing)= Pjgvb Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î , Past participle (V3)= w¯’i Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î, Perfect participle (Having + v3)= GKwU Kv‡Ri c‡i Av‡iKwU KvR NU‡j G¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv nq| * Adjectives/ Adjectives Phrase: mKj Adjectives pre-modifiers wn‡m‡e noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m| * Compound Noun/Compound words: GKvwaK Nouns ev GKvwaK parts of speech w`‡q MwVZ GKwU Compound Noun/Compound words ev Noun hv GK‡Î adjective Gi KvR K‡i ev cÖ_gwU adjective Gi KvR K‡i|	Noun	* Participles: Participles wZb ai‡bi - Present participle (V1+ ing)= Pjgvb Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î , Past participle (V3)= w¯’i Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î, Perfect participle (Having + v3)= GKwU Kv‡Ri c‡i Av‡iKwU KvR NU‡j G¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv nq| * Infinitives: Infinitive (to + v1) sentence G D‡Ïk¨ eySv‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| * Adjectives/ Adjectives Phrase: mKj Adjectives Post modifier wn‡m‡e noun Gi c‡i e‡m| * Appositive: ‡Kvb Noun/ Noun phrase/noun clause hw` Ab¨ Noun Gi wel‡q AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i ZvB Appositive. It is used as noun post modifier| * Relative Clause: Relative pronoun (who, whom, which, that) and relative adverb (where, when, why, what) w`‡q MwVZ subordinate clause hv noun ev noun phrase m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i| ZvB Giv †ewkifvM mgqB post modifier wn‡m‡e e‡m| * Adverbs: The man beside me is honest.
* Adverb Modifiers/ Adverb clause: †hme modifier †Kvb Adverb Gi Av‡M ev c‡i e‡m kãwU‡K Modify ev we‡kwlZ K‡i Zv‡K Adverb Modifiers e‡j| Giv Premodifier I Post modifier Dfq wn‡m‡eB em‡Z cv‡i| * Intensifier: †hme adverb ‡Kvb adjective ev adverb Gi Av‡M e‡m Gi ¸iæZ¡ †Rvi`vi K‡i Zv‡K Intensifier (very, actually, really, certainly, surely, greatly, fully, exactly, indeed, definitely, very much, absolutely, extremely, much, quite, thoroughly, perfectly, highly) e‡j| * Downtoner: †hme adverb (almost, hardly, barely, a bit, a little, scarcely, partly, nearly, slightly, rather, somewhat etc.) ‡Kvb adjective/adverb Gi c~‡e© e‡m Zvi A_©‡K ev ¸iæZ¡‡K n«vm K‡i ZvB Downtoner|	adjectives	*Adverbs: enough
* Verb Modifiers: †hme modifier †Kvb Verb Gi Av‡M ev c‡i e‡m kãwU‡K Modify ev we‡kwlZ K‡i Zv‡K Verb Modifiers e‡j| Adverb mvavibZ Verb Gi modifier nq|	verb	* Infinitives: Infinitive (to + v1) sentence G D‡Ïk¨ eySv‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| * Adverbs: Adverb mvavibZ Verb Gi modifier nq| * Participles: Present participle (V1+ ing)= Pjgvb Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î e¨envi Kiv nq|
Adverbs: very, extremely....	adverb	Adverb: enough